4^th International Conference on Diabetes and Cholesterol Metabolism December 17-17, 2021 London, UK

Track 1: Endocrinology

The study of endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions (hormones) is known as Endocrinology. The secreted hormones stimulate many body functions such as regulating breathing, fluid balance, feminization, appetite, weight control, bones, and tissues growth. Endocrine system plays an important role in regulating secretions in the body.  Endocrine diseases relates to excess or limited secretion of hormones or difficulties with receiving the hormone. Most common endocrine disorders are diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, acromegaly, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Addison’s disease, and Cushing’s syndrome. The endocrine disorders have widespread symptoms, affect various parts of the body, and can vary in severity from mild to very severe. The treatment of endocrine disorders often relays on adjusting hormone balance using synthetic hormones. If endocrine disorders are left untreated it leads to many complications throughout the body.

• Cellular Endocrinology
• Comparative Endocrinology
• Endocrine Oncology
• Neuroendocrinology

Track 2: Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders

Metabolism is the set of physical and chemical processes that takes place in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available. Metabolism aids in the conversion of food to energy and run cellular processes; to build proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes. When the metabolism process fails to function properly it leads to metabolic disorders. The body needs amino acids and proteins to perform all functions. Metabolic disorders can occur due to abnormal chemical reactions that help metabolic process, nutrition deficiency, loss of an enzyme that is essential for metabolic process, or due to disease in liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands. Few classes of metabolic disorders are:

• Metabolic brain diseases
• Disorders of calcium metabolism
• DNA repair-deficiency disorders
• Glucose metabolism disorders
• Iron metabolism disorders
• Lipid metabolism disorders
• Metabolic skin diseases
• Inborn error of metabolism
• Metabolic syndrome X
• Malabsorption syndromes

Track 3: Cholesterol Metabolism

Cholesterol is an important lipid for mammalian cells and its homeostasis is strongly regulated. Any disturbance in homeostasis of cellular cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in maintaining cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. High levels of glucose, fat, and cholesterol in the blood can lead to atherosclerosis, vessel dysfunction and blocked blood flow, the principal mechanism for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs comprise stroke, heart attack and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) among others.  A high level of cholesterol in blood leads to Hypercholesterolemia and people with hypercholesterolemia have more chances of developing coronary artery disease.  Presence of very low levels of cholesterol in blood leads to hypocholesterolemia. This can be due to decreased liver function, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, intestinal loss, Addison’s-like disease.

• Arcus Cornealis
• Hypoadrenocorticism
• Xanthelasmata
• Porto-systemic shunts
• Inflammatory bowel disease

Track 4: Lipid Metabolism

Abnormal lipid profiles are shown by patients with polygenic disorders as hormone regulates several steps of lipid metabolism. Patients suffering with Type1 diabetes show adequate glycaemic control but do not have quantitative lipoprotein abnormalities. Studies shows that patients with both type 1 and type 2diabetes have consistent weight gain, exhibited more lipid profiles in Type2 diabetes (T2D). Dyslipidaemia in Type2 diabetes has shown many strictly linked abnormalities.

• Diabetes Control and Complications
• Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance
• Dyslipidemia

Track 5: Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a mixture of many risk factors which comprises hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels and excess body fat around the waist. These factors double the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.  This disorder is also known by other terms like Syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome and insulin resistance syndrome. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and prediabetes have overlying features and are closely related to one another. Most of the disorders accompanied with metabolic syndrome have no symptoms, even though it is closely connected to insulin resistance, overweight or obesity and inactivity. Metabolic syndrome can be prevented or reversed by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, losing weight, healthy diet, stopping smoking, and alcohol.

• Abdominal obesity
• Proinflammatory state
• Insulin resistance
• Atherogenic dyslipidemia
• Raised blood pressure

Track 6: Metabolic Brain Diseases

Metabolic brain disorders are deleterious metabolic disorders that are usually associated with acute and severe illness. Although the metabolic brain disorders are very rare, acquired or inborn metabolic diseases leads to brain dysfunction or damage. These are classified as primary and secondary metabolic disorders that adversely affect cerebral function. These disorders are categorized as amino acid metabolism disorders, organic acid disorders, primary lactic acidosis, or fatty acid oxidation disorders.

• Wernicke’s encephalopathy
• Subacute Combined Degeneration
• Osmotic Myelinolysis Syndrome
• Hepatic Encephalopathy
• Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy
• Hyperglycaemic Encephalopathy

Track 7: Metabolic Liver Diseases

Many metabolic disorders affect liver and causes chronic liver diseases, leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The most common metabolic liver disease are hereditary hemochromatosis, Alpha-I antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), and Wilson Disease. Metabolic liver diseases might be due to excess iron load or copper load, or some rare genetic conditions that causes emphysema in adults or liver disease at any age. Treatment for metabolic liver diseases include

• Therapeutic phlebotomy
• Liver transplantation
• Proper nutrition

Track 8: Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility is a part of gynecology and obstetrics which educates physicians of reproductive medicine about hormonal functioning as it connects to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility. The specialists in the field of REI focus on treating infertility, while reproductive endocrinologists are trained to test and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males. Reproductive surgery physician are even given training to operate on anatomical disorders that affect fertility.

• Laparoscopy
• Hysteroscopy
• Abdominal myomectomy
• Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Track 9: Pediatric Metabolic Disorders

Pediatric metabolic disorders are observed in children when their body is not properly processing the nutrients like sugars, proteins, or fats. The metabolic disorders seen in children can be genetic that is passed down in families. If the metabolic disorders are seen in older children then it is often due to obesity. Children with metabolic disorders are at greater risk to develop diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

• Galactosemia
• Homocystinuria
• Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Fatty acid oxidation disorders (including MCAD, LCHAD, VLCAD)

Track 10: Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Disorders

It was estimated that 460 million people had diabetes and resulted in about 4.2 million deaths worldwide in the year 2019. Diabetes mellitus is carbohydrate metabolism disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). There are 2 types of diabetes mellitus one resulting from inadequate production of the insulin hormone (type 1 diabetes), and other due to an ineffective response of cells to insulin (type 2 diabetes). If patient is left untreated, diabetes can lead to many health complications. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by injections of insulin, whereas, type 2 diabetes (most common type of diabetes), can be managed by following a healthy life style. Some serious complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, nerve and eye damage and cognitive impairment.

• Type 1 Diabetes Type2 Diabetes and Its Treatment
• Diabetic Encephalopathy
• Metabolic Changes in Diabetes
• Epidemiology of Diabetes
• Insulin and Beta Cell Targeting
• Diabetic Neuropathy and Nephropathy
• Diabetic Eye Complications
• Diabetic Heart Diseases and Management
• Genetics of Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes
• Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

Track 11: Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes seen in pregnant women due to high blood glucose levels in their body. This is because of the body’s inability to use up all the insulin needed to support the demands of the pregnancy.  Even though pregnant women experience gestational diabetes only 7% women face complications due to it. It increases risk of type 2 diabetes. High glucose levels in blood is not only a concern for mothers health, but it also leads to long term complication in new born if left untreated. Gestational Diabetes can be treated by

• Proper diet
• Doing Physical activities
• Medication
• Monitor blood sugar levels regularly 

Track 12: Diabetic Eye Complications

Diabetic retinopathy is an eye complication seen in people suffering from diabetes. This is observed when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, causing swelling, leakage, and blood flow, resulting in loss of vision. Various surgical procedures for glaucoma are Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT), Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), Cyclophotocoagulation, Trabeculectomy, Drainage implant surgery, and Electrocautery. Various diabetic retinopathy surgical procedures are Photocoagulation, Panretinal photocoagulation, Vitrectomy, Injecting medicine into the eye. Diabetic eye complications can be identified by symptoms like

• Blurred vision
• Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)
• Fluctuating vision
• Impaired color vision
• Dark or empty areas in your vision
• Vision loss

Track 13: Diabetes and Oral Health

Patients suffering with diabetes are more susceptible for oral health complications than normal people whose blood glucose levels are in control. Diabetes is also a reason for many dental and gum diseases like gingivitis, periodontitis (mild and severe), fungal infections, dry mouth, loose teeth and so on. Balancing Blood glucose levels and maintaining proper oral and dental hygiene helps to reduce such oral complications.

• Oral Manifestations of Diabetes
• Dental
• Diabetes mellitus
• Oral health

Track 14: Inherited or Inborn Metabolic Disorders

Inherited Metabolic Errors are a diverse group of disorders that are genetically transmitted, typically in an autosomal recessive fashion, may occur as the result of spontaneous mutations. These diseases ultimately results to defects in the biochemical pathways involved in either the break-down or storage of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. Clinical Biochemical Genetics

• Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorder
• Organic Acid Disorders
• Urea Cycle Defects
• Amino Acid Disorders

Track 15: Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects both children and adults globally. It is the major risk factor for a number of non-communicable diseases, mainly in type 2 diabetes. Obese people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) should take care of their body weight to prevent further progression to diabetes.  Patients older than 45 years are screened for body mass index (BMI) to determine diabetes.

• Obesity and type 1 diabetes
• Obesity and type 2 diabetes
• Obesity and insulin resistance
• Diabetes mellitus and obesity

Track 16: Endocrine Oncology

Endocrine oncology is a medical speciality that deals with hormone producing tumors, i.e. a combination of endocrinology and oncology. Neuroendocrine tumors are neoplasms that arise from endocrine and nervous cells. Most commonly seen tumors are carcinoid tumors that affect the intestine, but there are other types of cancers that affect pancreas, lung and the rest of the body. Even though there are many types of  NETs, all are treated as a group of tissue, as the cells of these neoplasms share common features like looking similar,  some special secretory granules, and often produce biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones.

• Familial syndromes
• Gastroenteropancreatic
• Carcinoid tumors
• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Track 17: Diabetic Heart Diseases and Management

People with diabetes are more likely to develop congenital heart disease and have a greater chance to have heart attack or a stroke.  Person with diabetes can protect their heart and health by managing blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol. High blood sugar in body eventually damages blood vessels and the nerves that control heart.  Diabetic patients have more chances to develop heart diseases.

• High blood pressure
• Too much LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
• High triglycerides

Track 18: Clinical Biochemical Genetics

Biochemical Genetics involves testing and determining inherited metabolic disease, monitoring of treating, and distinguishing heterozygous carriers from non-carriers by metabolite and enzymatic analysis of physiological fluids and tissues in patients. Hereditary metabolic disorders are tested by extremely specialized and fragmented activity, and mostly by research-oriented scientists.

• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Malabsorption
• Malnutrition disorders.

Track 19: Pancreas Disorder and Islet Transplantation

Stem cell-derived pancreatic islet transplantation is a β-cell replacement therapy which involves transplantation of isolated islets from donor pancreas to receiver, for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes. Once they are transplanted, the islets start producing insulin and actively regulate blood glucose levels. It was observed that 70% of patients who received an islet cell transplant no longer needs insulin after one year and may not need it in the future. Some of the benefits of Islet Transplantation are

• Improved blood glucose levels
• Less need or no need for insulin injections to manage diabetes
• Fewer or no episodes of severe hypoglycaemia

Track 20: Cardio-Metabolic Syndrome

Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a group of metabolic dysfunctions that are mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and central adiposity. World Health Organization and the American Society of Endocrinology now recognized CMS as a disease entity. Patients with CMS have more chances to die from coronary heart disease, heart attack or stroke. Cardio metabolic programs and therapeutic strategies that combine diet and exercise prescriptions help to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors. Treatment strategies include

• Moderate physical activity
• Weight reduction or Weight-Loss Surgery
• Blood pressure control
• Correction of dyslipidaemia
• Glycaemic

Track 21: Prevention & Management of Metabolic Disease

Prevention and management metabolic syndrome requires addressing several conditions. One can improve overall cardiovascular health and conditions that lead to metabolic syndrome by eating healthier, being physically active, and losing weight.

• Smoking and metabolic syndrome
• Physical activity and metabolic syndrome
• Metabolic syndrome and weight control
• Influence of diet on metabolic syndrome

Track 22: Advanced Treatments of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders

Management of metabolic syndrome mainly involves changing lifestyle, changing diet and exercise habits. Evidences shows that diet, exercise, and pharmacologic interventions might    inhibit the progression of metabolic syndrome to diabetes mellitus.

• Pharmacologic Therapy
• Hyperglycemia treatment
• Triglyceride treatment
• Preventive cardiovascular treatment
• Complementary and alternative medicine

Track 23: Medicinal plants for Metabolic Disorders

Medicinal Plants serves as effective agents in treatment of metabolic disorders as they have biologically active substances. There are more than 1200 medicinal plants that are useful to treat diabetes and also target other risk factors accompanied with metabolic syndrome, including hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Herbal medicines are useful in reducing waist circumference, blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Each metabolic risk factor is associated with one another, and collectively increases the risk to promote atherosclerotic cardiovascular illness.

• Cinnamon
• Russian tarragon
• Bitter melon
• Fenugreek
• Grape seed
• Soybean

Track 24: Medical Devices in Diabetes Treatment

The term Diabetes technology is used to refer the hardware, devices, and software that diabetic people can use to help manage blood glucose levels, reduce the risk of diabetes and improve quality of life. Recent technology has extended to include hybrid devices that monitor glucose and deliver insulin. If Diabetes technology used appropriately, it can improve the quality of life and health of people with diabetes.  But, the complexity and quick change of the diabetes technology can also become a barrier to patient and provider implementation.

• Insulin Pens
• Management apps
• Continuous glucose monitors

Track 25: COVID-19 and Diabetes

Patients with type 1 or type 2diabetes should be more cautious about their health. Diabetic patients may experience more complications if they get affected with corona virus. Few reports have shown that about 25% of people who were affected with coronavirus had diabetes. High blood sugar level in the body of diabetic patients weakens the immune system and makes body more vulnerable to coronavirus and can ultimately lead to death. High blood sugar levels weaken the immune system and make it less possible to fight off infections. Corona virus can even increase the risk for diabetes complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Therefore if a diabetic patient gets affected by new coronavirus they should check their blood sugar levels more often than usual, take more fluids, and drink water often. To reduce your chance of getting infected:

• Keep your distance from other people.
• Use good hygiene.
• Keep your blood sugar under control.
• Have a plan in place in case you get sick.

Track 26: Diabetic Education and Healthcare Professionals

Education on diabetes is an integral component of the diabetes management and care as diabetes needs day-to-day knowledge on nutrition, exercise, monitoring, and medication.  A healthy diet is required for management of diabetes. The target of patient education is to increase their knowledge, develop confidence in them, assisting them to take control of their own condition and integrate effective self-management into their daily lives. Properly planned education can have an effect on health outcomes and can significantly improve quality of life.

• Medication adherence in diabetes
• Nutritional management
• Weight management
• Psychosocial adjustment
• Diabetes disease process
• Glucose monitoring
• Education for insulin users and non-insulin users